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\hyphenation{FORTRAN IRTG}

\title{Fortsetzungsantrag DFG Graduiertenkolleg IRTG}
%\author{}
\date{\today}
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{\large
Proposal for a continuation of the \\
\bigskip
{\huge International Research Training Group} \\ 
{\huge \bf Development and Application of Intelligent Detectors} \\
\bigskip
at the \\
 \vspace{1.0cm}
%\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{siegel-hd-ma} 
\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{siegel_uni_hd_gross}%
%\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{uma}

Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Germany \\
%Prof. Dr. N. Herrmann\\
%University of Mannheim, Germany \\ 
 \vspace{1.5cm}
%\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{Oslo}%
%\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{uibugle50}
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University of Bergen, Norway     \\ 
%Prof. Dr. D. R\"ohrich \\
University of Oslo, Norway       \\ 
\vfill
\vspace{\stretch{1}}
Anticipated funding period: 01.04.2009 -- 30.09.2013 \\ 
Submission date: 01.04.2008 \\ 
\vspace{1cm}
Heidelberg, \today
}
\end{center} 

\tableofcontents

%%\part{Continuation Proposal} 

\chapter{General Information} 

\section{Program Title}
% Thema in deutscher und englischer Fassung

%\begin{table}[!H]
 \begin{tabular}{l}
   Entwicklung und Anwendung von intelligenten Detektoren \\ 
   Development and application of intelligent detectors   \\ 
 \end{tabular} 
% \caption{Titel in deutscher und englischer Sprache}
%\end{table}


%\section{Antrag stellende Hochschule/n und beteiligte Hochschule/n im Ausland}
\section{Applying Universities} 

%\begin{table}[!H]
 \begin{tabular}{l}
  {Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Germany }\\ 
  University of Bergen, Norway \\ 
  University of Oslo, Norway \\ 
 \end{tabular} 
% \caption{Antrag stellende Hochschulen}
%\end{table}

%\section{Antrag stellende Wissenschaftler}
\section{Applying Scientists} 

\include{proflistnew}


%\section{Zusammenfassung}
\section{Summary}
%{\color{green} essential intentions research as well as study-program 30 lines}

The International Research Training Group (IRTG) on intelligent detectors
is developing and applying detection systems for particle and nuclear
physics that integrate modern information technologies as key
features. The design, development and operation of such detectors is the key
for advanced nuclear, particle and astro physics. It requires a
profound knowledge in a variety of fields that is  made available in
the interdisciplinary cooperation of physicists working on detector design,
signal readout and data analysis, together with departments that focus on
information science and work on signal processing, pattern recognition and
data management. Some of the technological aspects involved include
the design of application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), design and
programming of circuits implementing programmable electronics (FPGAs) and
the design and operation of large scale compute facilities (Cluster, GRID)
that have to be considered an integral part of next generation detector
systems.

The IRTG links the expertise that is available in Heidelberg and
Norway (Bergen/Oslo), and has demonstrated that the scientific exchange 
leads to new contacts and proposals. The expertise available in the different 
locations is largely complementary, allowing cross fertilisation and for the
participating students offering the possibility for a broader education
in partially highly specialized fields.

In both countries many of the recent major experiments in high energy elementary 
particle and nuclear physics are represented: 
ALICE, ATLAS, BABAR, CBM, CERES, FOPI, H1,
HeraB, LHCb in Heidelberg and ALICE, ATLAS, BRAHMS, NA57 in Bergen/Oslo 
and by this, a large particle physics
background is available to the IRTG. 
On the technological side there is a nice complementarity:
for example ASIC design and cluster computing are well recognized  
in Heidelberg, while FPGA-based hardware/software co-design is more 
centered in Bergen. 

Project-oriented collaborations among the participating groups will 
continue to be strengthened by the IRTG. Common research interests are 
existing and 
have been pursued in the past, like the ALICE High Level Trigger (HLT), 
that is run and operated  commonly  from KIP/Heidelberg and Bergen. 
In the next funding period of the IRTG the program will focus on the 
exploitation of the development effort for the experiments ALICE and ATLAS and  
will lead to common projects for the major future international 
facilities: FAIR at Darmstadt  and  the ILC. Specific Projects have been
already defined: CBM at FAIR and the Hadron Calorimer at the ILC. 

The continuation of the IRTG will give the unique opportunities to 
involve students on all levels of high energy particle physics from 
conceptual design over prototyping to actual running of the experiments. 
This coming phase will be most interesting as during this period the 
first LHC data taking and data analysis is going to take place. In particular
after the first data has been taken advanced trigger algorithms are expected
to be required to be developed, where the IRTG will form an ideal 
operation basis.

The teaching program is held in English and
is open to all  local members of the particle physics community . 
The students are lead to the
forefront of experimental nuclear, particle and space physics and are
given the chance to acquire hands-on experience on the most advanced
design, simulation and analysis tools available today. 
The IRTG is embedded into the larger Heidelberg Graduate School of
Fundamental Physics (HGSFP) that is providing additional more generic
education, e.g. soft-skill seminars that will be covering the aspects of 
work organization, time planning and presentation techniques. 


%\section{Antragszeitraum}
\section{Anticipated duration/ starting date}

Duration: continuation 4.5 years \\
starting: 1. April 2009 \\
ending: 30. September 2013

%\section{Angestrebte Zahl der Doktoranden-, Postdoktoranden- und
% Qualifizierungsstipendien}

\section{Anticipated number of participants} 
%{\color{green} min 12 max 30 with max 9 - 24 financed by DFG}

In Germany Heidelberg is applying to continue at the existing level of 
 12 PhD. stipends and 1 Bat IIa PostDoc position. 
The total number of participating students will
be larger by about a factor of two. About 20 additional students funded
from other resources will participate in the educational activities of the
IRTG~\footnote{For reference, see the list of currently active
  students in the field within the participating groups in Appendix~
  ref{AppendixC}.}. We request funding of increased basic scholarships
for the students 
in order to be more competitive in an economical environment, where the
best students are being lost very easily and to accommodate increased cost of
living in the high price area of Heidelberg.
In order to be able to offer an attractive and top-level education program
that is tailored to the needs of the participants, a TVL-13 position is requested 
for a postdoctoral fellow (for details of the tasks and the
requested profile see section ref{sec:3.2}3.2 below). The number of PostDocs
participating in the research activities of the IRTG is estimated to be
about 10, providing the necessary intellectual and knowledge-based
environment and knowledge from which Ph.D. students will profit.
In Norway, a total of eight Ph.D. stipends are being requested in Bergen
and Oslo. We note that German Ph.D. stipends are roughly half the size of
Norwegian Ph.D. grants. The application includes requests for funding of
running costs, e.g. for organizing workshops/schools and to cover travel
expenses. The total number of Norwegian students participating in the IRTGs
educational program is about 20. The number of Norwegian postdoctoral fellows
involved in the projects related to the IRTG is about four.
In summary about 30 Ph.D. students will continue to form the body of the IRTG
participating in the regular advanced lectures (see section 3 ref{sec:3}). 
With such a
number of students the investments in terms of manpower in specific
education is well justified, and in turn a sizeable number of students will
benefit from the specific offers of the IRTG.

% =============================================================================
%\chapter{Profil des Graduiertenkollegs (vgl. A.1.)} 
\chapter{IRTG Profile} 
The basic Ansatz of the IRTG will not be changed and is reproduced here from
the original proposal:
the focus of the proposed International Research Training Group is
Intelligent Detectors and Detector Systems. They are characterized
by exploiting the latest developments in sensor technology and merging
it with the latest advances in electronics and information
science. Such systems emerge from the interdisciplinary interplay of
three different building blocks (illustrated below) as set forth
below: 

\begin{figure}[!h] 
  \begin{centering} 
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{intelligent-detectors} 
  \end{centering}
  \caption[]{irtg}
  \label{fig:irtg}
\end{figure}

%\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Roman{enumi}}

\begin{enumerate}
\item Fundamental physics like elementary particle and nuclear physics
 is one of the major driving forces to advance new
detector technology. Experiments that are to be performed in the near
future, will present new and challenging problems for data taking and
analysis. Very rare signals have to be detected with sufficient
accuracy and significance from an extremely large background. The
design of modern detection systems is based on the possibility and the
knowledge to model the response of the apparatus in detail with
respect to the anticipated signal and unavoidable background by means
of simulations. The basic task is to derive experimental observables
that are linked robustly to the interesting fundamental physics
properties of the system. The necessary data rates for many future
experiments are so high that the electronics and the data processing
has to be considered an integral part of the detector systems. The
sensors converting physical observables to electronic signals have to
be equipped with on-board intelligence and/or efficient data
management in order to form a system capable of fulfilling the physics
requirements. The system features must already be incorporated into
the design phase of new devices in order to make a realistic
assessment of the performance. 
\item The second cornerstone is the rapid
development of modern electronics and information processing
technology. Thus, exciting new possibilities for (particle and
nuclear) physics detectors are arising. Due to the ever growing
integration and better flexible customisation, very complex tasks can
nowadays be executed on the detector while simultaneously taking
data. The integration of the latest technological possibilities into a
new detector design is, however, a very complex task. It requires a
profound understanding of all the implications of the choice of a
certain technology and should ideally be supported by some experience
of its implementation. Acquiring the skills to handle the
technologically advanced systems requires special training. The
International Research Training Group aims to link in an
interdisciplinary fashion basic physics needs with modern cutting-edge
electronics and informatics science. 
\item The concept of using modern
information technology in large scale physics experiments is of course
not new. Present day examples for Intelligent Detectors are the
running experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider RHIC at
Brookhaven National Laboratory and the planned experiments at the
Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Several of these experiments
(BRAHMS, ALICE, ATLAS and LHCb) are represented by the participants of
the IRTG. Local intelligence is implemented for trigger needs in form
of ASICs evaluating and compressing the data of specific subsystems
and performing the decisive event selection. Special hardware is being
installed for organising the data flow and for fast pattern
recognition. The experience gained during the development and the
operation of those systems is essential for success of the
next-gneration development. The evaluation of the performance of the
running systems constitutes another important verification step of the
whole detector concept. This can only be achieved by running through
the full analysis chain and trying to derive those signatures that the
detector was designed for. Additional challenges have to be mastered
in that area, such as monitoring and controlling a very large number
of setup parameters and handling huge amounts of output data. The
necessary corresponding techniques are included in the menu of
activities of the IRTG. 
\end{enumerate} 
%\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\arabic{enumi}}

In particular the International Research
Training Group aims at linking these building blocks, namely 
\begin{itemize} 
\item the experience with running state-of-the-art detectors and information
\item processing systems to arising future needs, 
\item physics requirements to possible detection system performance and
analysis experience to system specification and verification. 
\end{itemize} 

This is clearly an interdisciplinary task that needs expertise from
several different research areas and research groups. One focus of the next
years of IRTG research is the exploitation of the first data to be taken 
at the LHC accelerator. This requires on one hand the understanding of the 
vairous detectors and their calibration. Further the event reconstruction has
to be furthered to a level, allowing at least a semi automatic reconstruction 
off-line, using the distributed analysis framework on the GRID. In order to
verify the online data, quality monitoring infrastructure has to be 
deployed, allowing both an on-line event reconstruction and the 
identification
of potential problems in the data stream as well as the selection of rare 
events for
physics recording. 
Such algorithms are subject to constant development and improvement.

In addition this proposed period of the IRTG 
provides a unique opportunity for new advanced developments, 
as proven concepts, which have successfully
been applied at the LHC detectors, which are now almost fully commissioned, 
can now be transferred safely to upcoming new challenges at ILC and FAIR. 
Typical Ph.D. candidates are going to work on both fronts, therefore 
simultaneously being
exposed to two radically different phases of the development and 
operation of large scale expents. 
One example is the joint development of the ALICE and CBM on-line track 
reconstruction.

The disciplines required for the research and developments within the
framework of the IRTG are: 
\begin{itemize} 
\item Nuclear 
\item Physics 
\item High Energy Physics 
\item Detector Physics 
\item Sensoric
\item Microelectronics and Electronics 
\item Computer Engineering 
\item Computer Science
\item High Performance Computing for on-line/off-line event reconstruction 
\end{itemize} 

%
% ===================================================================== 
%\chapter{Forschungsprogramm (vgl. A.2.)} 
\chapter{Research Program} 

The research program is building on the existing strong collaboration between
Heidelberg and Bergen/Oslo specifically on the ALICE experiment with its
components TPC and TRD detector , High Level
Trigger (HLT) and TRD Trigger,  Detector Control System (DCS) and
physics simulations.  This will be naturally extended to detector operation
and physics analysis. 

The second major building block for the future interest is ATLAS where 
strong groups from Germany and Norway are involved in.

The research program is augmented and extended due to new contacts from the
current funding period that resulted in two common projects for the future 
facilities FAIR and ILC. 


The visions for the future activities are detailed in the following. 

\section{ALICE}

\subsection{ALICE - online}
The ALICE experiment implements two complex on-line trigger systems, 
developed, deployed and operated by the computer engineering group at KIP
(Lindenstruth).
Both triggers received major contributions during the last years by
members of the IRTG group and would not have reached successfully the 
operating state of today without this contribution.

The ALICE High Level Trigger (HLT) is deployed according to schedule as minimum
set with about 150 computers but with an infrastructure supporting up to 900
computers. The on-line TPC tracker was co-developed with CBM and allows
unprecedented fast event reconstruction. The algorithm scales well and was
demonstrated to run on a CELL processor, using the CBM version. The ALICE version is
operational at CERN. The algorithm is of such interest that it is currently
being used at the CERN openlab for verification of new processor architectures.
During the next funding period we plan to further this algorithms performance
by porting it onto a graphics co-processor as hardware accellerator and by preparing
it for the next upcoming high-performance, massively parallel multi-core processor architektures.
At this point a strong collaboration with industry is emerging.

The ALICE TRD trigger is installed also at CERN. The most complex part is the Global Tracking Unit (GTU). 
It implements about 100 high-density FPGAs, processing the tracklet data, being received
from the 1080 2,5 GBits/sec fibres. This system was developed by members of the IRTG and
is now commissioned. Several trigger algorithms are envisioned to be executed 
even in first year, which now have to be developed and benchmarked. The GTU presents
a fanstastic instrument, as it has access to all high pt tracklets in every event candidate 
within less than 5 microseconds.

The hardware acceleration concepts and high performance concepts, developed in the 
framework of the ALICE trigger systems can be also used for generic high performance computing 
and shall be deployed there also. Appropriate contacts have already been made and 
small projects been started. We intend to continue in this direction in particular
after the CERN trigger systems are fully commissioned and being operated routinely.

\subsection{ALICE - operation and calibration}

The ALICE TRD subsystem that was one of the major new detector developments in
the last funding period will see its complete installation within about one
from now. In order to prepare the system for physics the 1.2 million readout
channels need to be consistently calibrated. For this large number of channels
new strategies have to be developped and applied for quality assurance and
monitoring.

 The electron identification, the TRDs most important goal, needs
to be optimized making use of real data. Well identified tracks by other
subsystems (TPC, ITS) will be used in order to study the response of the TRD
in detail and especially map out the inhomogenities. Proton-Proton data that
are expected to become available in 2008 will provide very useful information, 
but the final challenge will be the Pb+Pb interactions, from which 20.000
tracks are expected to simultaneously hit the detector in 2010. 
All these response studies are necessary and have to be quantitatively
concluded before activating the TRD trigger capability that is foreseen for
2011. With proper parameters loaded into the distributed 65.000 node system of
the TRD unique event selection capabilities will be achieved. Most
importantly, bottomonia states will be made accessible for a first measurement.

\subsection{ALICE - physics analysis}

The physics analysis will employ the full scope of observables that have been
established also by the particating groups in the predecessor experiments at
SPS and RHIC. 

Having made significant contributions to the central tracking
and PID system of ALICE a certain focus will be placed on those where the
electron identification is entering. These are most prominently the Quarkonia
states J/$\Psi$ and $\Upsilon$  whose abundance probes significantly the
properties of the Quark-Gluon-Plasma. The techniques for the  reconstruction 
of those vector mesons have already ben developped during the current 
funding period but the application to real data will certainly represent a 
real challenge ideally suited for students participating ion the IRTG. Direct 
feed back to the online event selection scheme is expected allowing for 
a fast optimisation. 

As demonstrated by experiments at RHIC (BNL,USA) also particles with open 
charm and bottom (D- and B- mesons) can be effectively 
reconstructed by their semileptonic 
decays. Studying their abundance and flow pattern will give direct access to 
basic QGP quantities. This type of analysis requires a detailed understanding 
of the system response and the background that will be established by the
successive analysis of proton-proton and heavy ion data. 

Besides electron identification, high transverse momenta can be efficiently
reconstructed by the TRD subsystem. This gives access to another very
important observable in heavy ion collisions: high energy jets loose a
significant part of their energy in the deconfined matter state, this effect
being called jet quenching. Mapping this effect over the full kinematic region 
will give access to basic quantities of QCD in its deconfined state.   
  
All these analysis will make use of the full information available in the
events and require all the data analysis technology and infrastructure that
has been setup for ALICE. GRID computing will be applied on the user level 
and clearly will evolve by the direct feedback from users to developers. 
The IRTG offers ideal grounds for advancing these technologies. 
 
\section{ATLAS}

The ATLAS detector will be operated and produce physics output as well 
as practical experiences with a highly complex detector system. The detector 
aspect is of major relevance for the IRTG and the students involved. ATLAS 
will for the first time give insights into the problems to be encountered 
during the operation of such a large-scale technology. The experience gained 
there will be invaluable for the planning and operation of future large-scale 
facilities in science and industry. It is planned to strongly involve IRTG 
student in this exciting endeavour. Their work will also form the basis for a 
possible ATLAS Upgrade programme, which is currently entering an R\&D phase. 
The improvement of the ATLAS data selection capabilities based on the data 
gathered during the first year will form a major goal of the work performed 
in the Heidelberg-KIP group. As a concrete project the group plans to propose an 
integrated mixed-signal VLSI solution as an input stage of the ATLAS level-1 
trigger. This work will be performed in close cooperation with international 
project partners but also with a second ATLAS group, which is likely to 
emerge at the PI in Heidelberg in 2008.

\section{LHCb}

The LHCb experiment allows a large number of high-precision 
measurements of different B meson decay properties. The comparison with the Standard
Model prediction  will offer a way to search for 
physics beyond our current knowledge and complements 
the direct searches for New Physics at high $q^2$ by the ATLAS and CMS
experiment. The reconstruction and measurements of B decays will rely 
heavily on  excellent track and vertex reconstruction as well as
particle identification.

The Heidelberg LHCb group has taken major responsibilities for the 
construction, commissioning and operation of the LHCb tracking system. 
The group is thus in charge of one of the key elements of the
LHCb experiment.  IRTG students will be involved in the operation and 
calibration of the LHCb tracking detector. Heidelberg students will
play a major role in the understanding and optimization of the
tracking detector performance. The IRTG provides a 
stimulating environment in which similar tracking projects, e.g. the work on 
the ALICE TRD, will lead to significant synergies.  

Beyond the engagement in the track reconstruction  the Heidelberg LHCb
group will involve IRTG students also in the data analysis: It is
the aim that Heidelberg contributes to one of the LHCb ``flag-ship
analysis'' namely to the measurement of CP violation in the decay channel
$B_s \rightarrow J/\psi \phi$.  The work on this topic has already
started with contributions by C.Langenbruch one of the current IRTG students. 

\section{CBM at FAIR} 

The Compressed Baryonic Matter Experiment CBM will be installed at the FAIR 
facility and is expected to take data starting in 2015. It aims at measuring 
rare probes as signatures of highly compressed baryonic matter that will be
produced in heavy-ion collisions at incident energies of 10 - 35 AGeV with 
so far unprecedented rates. An interaction rate of 10 MHz is targeted even 
for the heaviest systems, requiring completely new detector and data
acquisition technologies. 
Various groups of the IRTG are already members of the collaboration and will
join forces in the framework of the IRTG.
   
\subsection{TOF system}

One PI group (Herrmann) is involved already since 2004 in the design and development 
of the Time-of-flight system for CBM. The proposal is based on Muiltigap Multi
Strip Resistive Plate Chambers (MMRPC) that have been successfully been
built and operated by the group in the FOPI experiment. A timing resolution of
better than 100 ps has been achieved on a detector area of about 5 m$^2$.
In the next 4 years, 
the technology will have be developped and demonstrated to enhance the
intrinsic rate capability of the counters from 20Hz to 10 kHz and to find
concepts, to deal with very different 
hit densities in an efficient manner. The research includes the design of 
impedance matched wide strip counters as well es the development of high 
bandwidth electronics with adjustable input impedance. Synergies are expected 
from the collaboration with analog ASIC designers (Stachel) and electronics 
groups (Ullaland). 
 
A really 'intelligent' solution will have to be found to make the TOF detector
data avalaible for fast event selection within the system that will be
developed by the KIP - group (Lindenstruth). Such a solution is necessary to 
obtain online background reduction in the measurement of open charm (D-mesons)
and will determine how close to the production threshold CBM will be able to
run.    
  
\subsection{Event selection}
The CBM detector system does not implement a dead time system but every
sensor produces time stamped hits if the corresponding signals are found
above a certain threshold. The advantage of such architecture is the 
abolishment of any particular latency requirement for any given event. The 
corresponding data streams exceed 10 Terrabits/sec, also requiring
on-line event filtering and selection. Such processing system has 
similarities with a High Level Trigger, operating at much higher event 
rates and without a specific trigger system. The KIP computer 
engineering group (Lindenstruth) will concentrate in aggreement 
with the CBM management on this subject, 
using the experience and technologies, developed for ALICE ad LHCb during
the last phase of the IRTG.

\subsection{Detector control system}
During the first IRTG funding period from 2005 to 2008, a novel FPGA 
refresh technology based on partial dynamic reconfiguration was developed (Kebschull).
The purpose of this technology was to extend the meantime between 
failures (MTBF) caused by single event upsets (SEUs).
Single event upsets affect the FPGA configuration and lead to 
malfunction of the active design.
SEUs are caused by high energy particles passing through the FPGA chip.
The novel refresh technology was successfully used for ALICE TPC readout 
controller (ROC).
Current estimates show, that in CBM the radiation doses will be much 
higher than for ALICE TPC.
Therefore, new and more effective radiation tolerance technologies for 
FPGAs need to and will be explored.

Within this research, we want to investigate the impact of fault 
tolerance technologies like ECC for RAMs and busses, and we want to 
design radiation tolerant IP components like CPU, busses, memory 
controllers and I/O, especially optimized to run on FPGA using the 
refresh technology.

This work has to be carried out in close cooperation with our Norwegian 
colleagues in Bergen and Oslo: The application in ROC and DCS will be 
implemented together with Bergen (R\"ohrich) and beam test will be done 
in Oslo (Skaali).
These beam test will measure the achieved improvement in radiation 
tolerance.

Therefore the IRTG is a perfect vehicle to enhance these kind of 
cooperations.

\section{Hadron calorimeter at the International Linear Collider (ILC) }

Since 2006 the Heidelberg KIP group (Schultz-Coulon) is involved in the 
R\&D activities 
for a high-performance hadron calorimeter (HCAL) for the International 
Linear Collider (ILC). The challenging physics goals of the ILC impose 
stringent demands on the detector, which by far exceed what is possible with 
present detector technologies. This is particularly true for the calorimetry, 
as the anticipated jet-energy resolution necessitates the combination of 
tracking and calorimeter information and consequently a separation of 
showers originating from neutral and from charged particles. This is only 
possible with a highly granular calorimeter, which resolves the complete 
shape of individual showers. Such a calorimeter is presently developed in the 
framework of the CALICE collaboration, where the analogue option for the 
hadronic part (AHCAL) is based on a sampling structure with scintillating 
tiles individually readout by so-called Silicon-Photomultiplier (SiPM) 
mounted directly on each tile.

Presently the ILC activities at the KIP comprise the characterization of new 
Silicon-Photomultipliers, work on test-beam measurements using the first 
AHCAL prototype and the development of highly integrated electronics for 
SiPM-readout. Further plans are the development of infrastructure to allow 
large-scale quality assurance tests of integrated sensor-scintillating 
systems, which are mandatory when building a calorimeter with millions of 
channels. The SiPM-studies - also in view of a possible application in 
medical imaging - are planned in collaboration with the IRTG group at the 
University of Bergen (G. Eigen et al.); both groups are - among others - 
partners in a new proposal for the 7th framework program of the EU. Hence, 
the ILC activities will profit significantly from the scientific exchange 
fostered by the International Graduate School on Intelligent Detectors, 
circumstances, which have already been very helpful when initiating the new 
involvement.
Both activities will also profit from the excellent technical infrastructure 
in Heidelberg. In particular the new HGF Terascale Alliance will be of 
strong importance for the ambitious electronics and VLSI development. 


\bigskip
{\bf Summary:}

Techniques developed for todays experiments are being used  under harsh real 
conditions and are tested for their applicability for future even more demanding tasks. 
Towards that goal the implemented techniques are extended and refined employing the most advanced technologies. 

\begin{enumerate} 
\item Full coverage of all the stages of modern intelligent
  nuclear/particle detection system design and operation  
  \begin{itemize}
  \item physics analysis 
  \item physics simulation 
  \item detector simulation 
  \item detector construction, system integration 
  \item readout design, development and operation 
  \item trigger design, development and operation 
  \item data handling and data management 
  \item online data selection 
  \item offline event reconstruction  
  \item GRID computing
  \item High performance computing 
  \end{itemize} 
\item Development of new, integrated detection techniques for next
  generation machines (e.g. FAIR, ILC, astrophysics
  satellites). Here the demands are very high with respect to the
  event/data rates and efficient real-time processing required for rare
  signals.  
\end{enumerate} 

\section{Research topics}
The following sections give a brief collection of some of the core
research topics foreseen for the upcoming funding period 
within the framework of the IRTG. They are
organized in line with the various stages listed in the workplans set
forth in sections 3.1 - 3.5. All subjects cover a rather large field of
activities, thus supporting many possible Ph.D. theses.  

\begin{enumerate}
\item Physics analysis

After 20 years of development the next few years will give the 
unique chance to apply now the new detector concepts and 
extract physics signals. This results will have direct feed-back 
to further design considerations. Especially 'rare signal' analysis 
fits into the scope of the IRTG, since this will be even more demanding 
at future facilities. Identified projects that are of common interest to 
several groups within the IRTG are:

\begin{itemize} 
\item Jet analysis in ALICE and ATLAS 
\item Quarkonia  production 
\item single photons production (ATLAS, ALICE) 
\item Charm (Bottom) Tagging by secondary vertices (BABAR, CBM, LHCb, ALICE)
\end{itemize}

\item Detector simulation 

New detectors are being developped in the context of the IRTG working groups
that need detailed response simulations:
\begin{itemize}
\item Multigap Multistrip Resistive Plate Chamber (MMRPC) 

This detector is forseen for the Time-of-flight wall of the CBM experiment at
the future FAIR facility, but is also finding more and more customers in other
hadron physics experiments. 

\item Hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) for the International Linear Collider (ILC)

Here the challenge is to do active calorimetry by tracing the subshowers of 
all impinging particles by combining tracking and calorimeter information.
This concept is also of interest to the muon system of CBM.  
\end{itemize}

\item System integration and operation 

Major subsystem will be interfaced, calibrated and operated in the world largest
experiments by the participating groups:
\begin{itemize}   
\item TRD of ALICE
\item HLT of ALICE
\item ATLAS Calorimeter Trigger  
\end{itemize}

\item Experiment operation, Slow control
 
The harsh environment at the LHC will be topped by the next generation
machines thus requiring new strategies for making detector control hardware 
that very effectively uses FPGAs and other commercial components
more radiation tolerant.  

%{\bf (Kebschull)}
%
%Detector components like the DCS-Boards also require radiation 
%tolerance techniques.
%However, refresh technology alone is not sufficient since a full set of 
%radiation tolerant and synthesizable IP components like CPU, busses, 
%memory and I/O subsystems are required.
%Today, these components can fully be integrated into FPGAs at a 
%reasonable performance/cost ratio which is often better than 
%implementing it in  radiation hard ASICS.
%
%The refresh technology for FPGAs is not sufficient due to many reasons: 
%blockrams (BRAM) require completely different radiation tolerance 
%techniques, since a reconfiguration would completely destroy their content.
%Many design tools use look-up tables (LUT) as shift registers or 
%distributed RAMs.
%A configuration refresh would change their content and therefore destroy 
%the states.
%The radiation tolerance of FPGA components like PowerPC, multi-gigabit 
%transceivers, integrated multipliers and others at high energy and flux 
%rate is currently unknown.
%Other known radiation tolerance technologies like parity checks in data 
%paths, hamming encoding for internal states, or CRC for error correction 
%or even triple redundancy could further improve the robustness of such a 
%device, but most of them have never been analyzed.
%
%The goal of this research is to implement radiation tolerant versions of 
%all digital components used in a complete system.
%The effectiveness of all radiation tolerance improvement technologies 
%needs to be measured and categorized for FPGAs.
%

\item Electronics design

New radiation tolerant high density ASIC designs are necessary for the next generation 
experiments at FAIR and ILC. 

\item Data aqusition / Trigger system development 

The classical hardware trigger scheme is planned to be replaced by an 
software based 'event selection'. The necessary hardware and software tools
need to be developped. 

\item GRID computing 

The LHC experiments will delived an so far unseen amount of data. The GRID
has been developed to cope with this load and will be challenged by real data
in the upcoming funding period.  

\end{enumerate}

\section{Proposed thesis topics} 
The following table presents a list of possible thesis topics that
would fit into the research program of the IRTG. Common interest in
between the various groups can be clearly identified and will serve as
starting point for joint developments. We expect to adjust and/or
change priorities during the course of the IRTG depending on the
scientific results, achieved.

\begin{table}

\textcolor{black}{
\begin{longtable}{|p{0.5cm}|p{8cm}|p{4cm}|p{1.5cm}|} 
\hline
   & Title  & Main Problem Class & Location \\ \hline  
1  & ALICE: Analysis (Jets, Charmonia, Open charm) & Physics, Simulation & HD \\
2  & ALICE-HLT: high performance on-line event reconstruction & tracking & HD/BE \\ 
3  & ALICE-HLT: on-line calibration, data quality monitoring & calibration & HD/BE \\ 
4  & ALICE-TRD: high-pt GTU trigger & trigger, VHDL(FPGA) & HD \\ 
5  & ATLAS: calorimeter trigger operation & Physics, database & HD \\ 
6  & ILC: HCAL development & detector, readout & HD \\
7  & CBM: CBM - xyter &  Electronics & HD \\ 
8  & CBM: High resolution TOF Counter (RPC) development & electronics,readout & HD \\ 
9  & CBM: event building network & & HD \\
10 & Distributed control systems & & HD \\
11 & LHCb    & VHDL(FPGA), Algorithms, Simulation & HD \\
12 & Autonomous computing, GRID computing & computing & HD \\
\hline 
\end{longtable} 
}
\caption{Table of thesis projects}
\end{table}


This list clearly exceeds the funding possibility of the IRTG and may
also be filled by some of the contributed Ph.D. students. Candidates
will be admitted to the IRTG optimising the exchange in between the
German and Norwegian groups. The long list demonstrates the research
topics that will be worked on in the participating groups and thus
represent the environment into which the IRTG is embedded. Clearly,
all the students working on the listed subjects will benefit from the
educational program of the IRTG. 

Many of the proposed theses relate to
the development of complex subsystems of large-scale experiments
carried out by international collaborations. These subsystems will be
designed, implemented, and run by larger groups of researchers. Many
of them have comparable goals and use comparable, up-to-date
technology, so that the PhD students assigned to a certain task will
benefit hugely from a cooperation. Below closely related theses are
compiled. We plan that the German and Norway PhD students will do part
of their work at their home institution and at a guest
institution. This will stimulate an intensive cooperation between the
involved research groups. 


% ==========================================================================
%\chapter{Studienprogram (vgl. A.2.)} 
\chapter{Study Program }
Participants of the IRTG are expected to actively
participate in the study program. This program should allow students
to: 
\begin{itemize} 
\item Deepen their knowledge in their area of research concerning the
  basic physics questions and instrumentation, and to bridge the gap
  to actual research work 
\item Gain expert knowledge in key technologies, while making best use
  of the expertise available at the German and Norwegian institutions.
\item Present their results and exchange their knowledge with other
  students in seminars and study weeks 
\item Make contact with the best experts from all over the world and
  learn from them in topical workshops organised by the graduate
  school. 
\item Get the opportunity to participate in research work at other
  places in the framework of the exchange program.  
\end{itemize} 

In accord with the experience obtained so far from running the IRTG
the doctoral education in Heidelberg was modified and new regulations have 
been set up with the installation of the Heidelberg Graduate School for
Fundamental Physics (HGFSP). Those rules are planned to be applied to all 
Heidelberg physics students in the near future. The most important 
regulations are: 

\begin{itemize}
\item Besides their main advisor students will be assigned two co-advisers to 
monitor the progress. 

\item The advisory committee will define together with the student general 
educational modules offered by the HGFSP and also suggest conferences and 
workshops that should be attended during the PhD study. The course work can  
be fulfilled by attending the Heidelberg Graduate Days that was established 
as a well received tool for graduate student education.

\item The students are requested to spend a total of 16 SWS (semester periods
  per week) on general physics
  education. Of those 8 SWS can be covered by group meetings and colloquia,
  and 8 SWS have to be of more general nature like the participation in the 
  Heidelberg Graduate Days or in the IRTG schools or Journal Clubs. 
\end{itemize}
  
In order to allow for sufficient time for doing research the IRTG does not
plan to install more formal lectures nor further requirements. 
To enhance the scientic level of knowledge we will offer editional seminars 
and workshops/school focussing on specific subjects. This concept was  
successfully tested during the present running period of the IRTG and will be 
refined (see section \ref{sec:seminar}).  

Therefore the study program of the IRTG will have the following components: 

\begin{itemize} 
\item General lectures will be offered in the context of the Heidelberg
  Graduate Days organized by the HGFSP. This teaching concept for graduate 
students was developed within the IRTG and its predecessors and will be
further supported by the IRTG.  

\item In continuation of the current activities schools and lecture 
weeks on specialized subjects is being organized on a bi-annual basis. 

\item Topical workshops are organised by the IRTG management (if possible 
in conjunction or in temporal vicinity to conferences). 

\item A bi-weekly IRTG seminar is held with topics choosen by the
  students obeying the general requirements formulated in 
  sections~\ref{sec:seminar} and \ref{sec:eval}.

\end{itemize} 

Norwegian students are invited to participate to the program points 1 - 3 
for short visits, and are participating to point 4 while they are staying 
for some longer time in Heidelberg. Note that we don't request any more 
that students have to spend a minimum amount of time in the partner 
institutions. 

 \section{Regular advanced lectures} \label{sec:prog}.  
The members of the IRTG will participate for a minimum of four
semesters in general advanced lectures offered in Heidelberg and
Bergen, which will cover Basic Physics, Experimental Techniques and
the Informatics Aspects. 

Advanced lectures will included the following subjects: 

\begin{itemize} 
\item Experimental probes of fundamental interactions 
\item Standard model of particle physics 
\item Observing the big bang 
\item Cosmology 
\item Particle detectors 
\item Relativistic heavy ion physics 
\item (Micro) Electronics
\item High performance computing  
\end{itemize}

These lectures are fully integrated into the teaching activities of
the faculties and the time spent is fully accountable as part of the
teaching duties ('Lehrdeputat'). In order to profit maximally from the
available expertise and preparation, we also plan to offer these
courses in Norway if they are scheduled for Heidelberg and vice
versa. Accordingly, the lecturers of the desired courses will be
invited to give a compact course at the partner institutions. 

Most of these activities will be included into the "Heidelberg Graduate Days"
that were established as a very efficient way of graduate student education.

\section{Exchange program} 
An integral part of the study program is an exchange program for
students between the partner institutions. A strong motivation for
this is of course the stimulation of international exchange and of
common projects. It must be stressed however that such a program can
only be successful if the visits to the partner institutions are
strongly coupled to the thesis work of the students. This is naturally
the case if they work in common research projects. Students
applying for the IRTG will be preferably admitted with topics 
that help to extend the international collaboration between the 
participating groups. 

The existing and future projects as described in the research chapter 
are ideal candidates here, as their timelines extend for more than a 
decade into the future. 

The exchange program will be based on two concepts: 
\begin{itemize} 
\item  Sharing common lecture in the context of the regular events.

\item Long term stays for individual students on a project basis: \\

  Typical examples of projects are: 
  \begin{itemize} 
  \item participation at beam tests of subdetectors and data
    evaluation 
  \item testing of common readout chains together with detectors where
    several institutions have delivered components. 
  \item getting familiar with Grid-Computing for simulation or
    analysis 
  \end{itemize} 
\end{itemize}

\section{IRTG workshops and schools} 

IRTG workshops and schools address subjects that are specific to the profile 
of the IRTG. They are meant to deepen the knowledge in the interdisciplinary
field that the IRTG is covering. As described in the Intermediate Report 
the most successful events were those with a direct involvement of the
students and their interaction in common projects and small mixed groups. 
It is planned to  further develop this concept by 

\begin{itemize}
\item 'coached' lectures, e.g. the students are asked to seek and present
  answers to priorly defined questions from common advanced lectures,   
\item project oriented lab tasks addessing detector technologies,
\item project oriented design tasks for FPGAs and ASICs.   
\end{itemize}

In general the students have to present the results of their group work at the 
end of a 3 - 5 day workshop, exercising at the same time their 'hard' and
'soft' skills. 

The table below gives an overview of both the planned lecture weeks
and schools for the next two  years of the IRTG. The tentative
organisers are listed as well: 

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{tabular}{lllll} 
Year        & Type    & Place      & Topic        & Organisers \\ 
2008 Spring & Lecture & Heidelberg & LHC physics  & Uwer      \\ 
2008 Fall   & School   & Bergen     & detector calibration     & Eigen   \\ 
2009 Spring & School   & Heidelberg & fast event selection     & Schultz-Coulon \\ 
2009 Fall   & Workshop & Heidelberg & LHC - first results      & Stachel  \\ 
2010 Spring & Workshop & Oslo       & First HI-results from LHC& Tveter   \\ 
\end{tabular} 
\caption{Planned workshops and schools} 
\label{tab:schools}
\end{table} 

\section{Bi-weekly Seminars} \label{sec:seminar}
This seminar represents the core of the local IRTG operation. 
Participation is mandatory for all students. 
The seminar serves several goals:
\begin{itemize}
\item Students train their presentations and discussion skills by reporting on 
\begin{itemize}
\item progress in their own work, 
\item latest development in their field (Journal Club like),
\item topics on general interest.
\end{itemize}
\item One status report is expected from each member of the IRTG once  per year.

\item External speakers (including e.g. postdocs from the participating
  groups) are invited to broaden the scientific scope represented by the IRTG
  members   themselves.  The external speakers are selected according to the
  demands or suggestions of the students. It is planned to shift more
  responsiblities for the selection and organisation process to the student 
  members of the IRTG in order to also develop their organisational skills. 

\item The seminar represents a regular date that stimulates mutual
  interactions and exchanges among the participants that is vital for the   
  success of the IRTG.
\end{itemize}

The seminar is open to all members of the IRTG and to non-member students in
the participating groups. 

\section{Soft skill seminars} 
Soft skill seminars will be offered in close collaboration with the HGFSP. 
Actually, it is planned that the HGFSP will coordinate the effort and ensure
that  the typical subjects are covered.  
All members of the IRTG including the Norwegian ones are eligible for
participation. 

\section{Post doc position} \label{sec:postdoc}
To efficiently implement the teaching activities, i.e. to organize the lecture
weeks, the travels and the bi-weekly  seminar, a post-doc is absolutely
necessary. In addition the students are offered the possibility to get help
by a more experienced person also on scientific questions. As experience has
shown this offer to discuss more general questions with an independent person
on the sub-advisor level is well received. In order to match  the needs of the
IRTG, candidates for this position have to possess the following profile:

\begin{itemize}
\item Pursue research in one of the fields of the IRTG, preferably with
  connections into others, and at the forefront of technological developments. 
\item 
 Have good interdisciplinary knowledge of physics and computer science 
 to fertilise the discussion.
 
\item Have good communication skills to serve as an 'attractor' for the
  heterogeneous group of students co-working in the IRTG.

\item Have organisational skills to help running the schools and the exchange program.
\end{itemize}
 

In order to find suitable candidates funding is requested for a full TVL-13
position. This is the standard level of salary for postdocs in the
participating groups - and also adequate for the responsibilities attached to
the IRTG position. 


\section{Procedural details} 
The IRTG fits without any special effort into the graduate programs of
the German and Norwegian universities. The standard rules for
acceptance criteria are valid. 

\subsection{Admission to the IRTG} 
In order to maintain the high standard that the current activities in
the field have reached in the various participating groups, the
positions available from the IRTG are announced worldwide. Candidates are
 selected by the admission commission on
the basis of the achievements of the diploma exams the originality and
quality of the diploma project and  an oral presentation of the candidate
about the diploma project (or equivalent). 
This concept was exercised so far and found to be useful to find
candidates that show the necessary skills for the 
interdisciplinary work between experimental physics, engineering and
informatics. This selection 
is not necessarily always coinciding with the best
grades in the often theoretically oriented diploma exams. Therefore
interesting candidates that can demonstrate from some project work
innovative and creative ideas are given the chance to present
themselves in front of the admission commission and up to now 
some of those candidates were very successful.  

\subsection{Supervision and Performance evaluation}  \label{sec:eval} 
All the graduate students participating in the IRTG have their thesis
advisors at their home institutes. Thus a day-by-day interaction is
guaranteed providing the most efficient monitoring of the progress of
the thesis project. 
On the Heidelberg side each student will be assigned two co-advisors. 
For the IRTG students one of them will be picked from our partner 
universities in Bergen or Oslo.   

For long-term visits at the partner institution a
specific mentor (faculty member of the host institution) will be
assigned for each student serving as contact for any problem that
might arise during those stays. This mentor will keep track of the
project work that the student is pursuing and will help to integrate
the foreign students into the social activities of the hosting
group. 

The students will report regularly on the progress of their
work in the bi-weekly seminar that is part of the IRTG.
Due to the interdisciplinary character of the IRTG, special
efforts will be made so that all the students can follow the
presentations and that the subjects are discussed in depth. Besides
the internal IRTG seminar, all projects are embedded into large
international collaborations, providing numerous opportunities for
status reports at workgroup and collaboration meetings. At the later
stage of their work the participants will present their achievements
at international conferences by poster presentations or talks. For the
students the interaction with the full international community is of
special importance to acquire visibility to the outside world and to
get into contact with other projects that might be of importance for
their future careers. The IRTG will support the participation of each
participating student in at least one major conference in the last 2
years of her/his thesis work. 

\subsection{Doctoral degree} 
The final performance control is the acceptance of the doctoral
thesis and the successful oral defense of the thesis according to the
local rules of the participating institutions. As done up to now 
the doctoral degrees
will be issued by the parent institution in which the student is
enrolled, according to the local rules. 

The IRTG still is willing to
support the mobility of the students although the experience on this point 
is rather disappointing. At this point we expect a strong shift towards
stays at CERN in order to participate and prepare first data taking. 
This process has already begun and many ITRG members meet more frequently
at CERN than at the appropriate partner institution.
Students will be encouraged to continue
their work at any partner institution, including CERN, e.g. if some interesting
development happened during the project work phase. This exchange has and 
will continue to broaden the scope of activity and experience of the students
while woring on their thesis project.
Joint thesis projects are
possible by admitting the mentor of the student into the
examination commission at the university that is awarding the degree. 

% -----------------------------------------------------------------
%\chapter{Gastwissenschaftlerprogramm} 
\chapter{Visiting scientist program} 
In continuation of the current practise we plan to continue  with the 
invitation of experts on various fields of physics, detector design, readout
electronics and compute infrastructure to the
different activities of the IRTG, e.g. seminars, schools and workshops, 
according to the needs of the participants of the IRTG. This includes 
speakers for the Heidelberg Graduate Days (\"Heidelberger Graduiertentage\") 
that are supplying the core knowledge listed in section \ref{sec:prog}. 

We plan to extend the frequency of invitations to external speakers by 
direct involvement of the students. Students taking actively part in the
invitation process, suggesting subjects and speakers, will be granted 
a free common dinner with the invited speaker. By this we hope to encourage
students to play a more active role in the specific weekly seminar program.  

The duration of the schools is typically 4 days, work shops last 3 days and 
seminars are done on a daily basis. 

% -----------------------------------------------------------------
%\chapter{Organisationsstruktur des Graduiertenkollegs} 
\chapter{Organizational Structure}
 The IRTG organization remains as  sketched below, emphasizing the binational
 nature. The body of the IRTG is the IRTG board, which includes all
 participating faculty members and two students from each country,
 which are elected by the participating students by simple
 majority. The IRTG board meets twice a year during a lecture
 week or school.  

\begin{figure}[!h] 
  \begin{centering} 
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{irtg-orga}
  \end{centering} 
  \caption{Organizational Structure}
  \label{fig:orga}
\end{figure}

\textcolor{red}{The term of a spokesperson is two years.} 
The current spokespersons are
Prof. Dr. Norbert Herrmann for Germany and Prof. Dr. Dieter R\"ohrich
for Norway. The two national spokespersons are elected by all members
the IRTG board. The schools and lecture weeks (see section 4) are
organized by the IRTG program committee with the membership of the
spokespersons (ex officio) plus one elected national member. 

Admission to the IRTG is performed nationally by the two national
admission committees. In order to ensure coherence within the IRTG
both spokespersons are ex officio members of both admission
committees. 

The responsibility for the proper organization of the biweekly local
seminars is rotating on a semester basis amoung the local
professors. It is the responsibility of the national spokesperson to
ensure proper execution of the program. 

%\chapter{Umfeld des Graduiertenkollegs (vgl. A.2.)} 
\chapter{Infrastructure} 
\section{Affiliation with (inter)national research projects} 
The research to be performed as part of the IRTG is closely related to
the major current and new activities in experimental elementary
particle and nuclear physics in Europe and USA. The participating
groups are involved into running experiments at RHIC (BNL), SPS
(CERN), BABAR (SLAC) and SIS (GSI). They contribute major
parts to the preparation and execution of upcoming LHC experiments at CERN:
ALICE, ATLAS and LHCb. The IRTG students of this proposed extension will 
have the unique opportunity to participate in the first data taking of the
world largest accellerator infrastructure. 

Significant contributions to the future FAIR facility at GSI and
especially to the design of the Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment
(CBM) are planned and expected by the CBM collaboration. 
This is manifested in the participation to several
Joint Research Activities as part of the I3HP initiative within the sixth and 
seventh framwork program of the EU. 
On a similar level  the ILC activities are part of the seventh framwork
program of the EU. 

\section{Available infrastructure at German institutes} 
\subsection{Scientific personal} 

The available infrastructures to the IRTG are the same as described for the
original proposal except for two items: 

\begin{enumerate}
\item The Technical Informatics of Mannheim  was moved from Mannheim
  University to the ZITI at Heidelberg. The infrastructural resources are
  currently integrated into the ASIC laboratory of Heidelberg University.

\item The Physkalische Institut of Heidelberg will get a new building on the
  Campus (Neuenheimer Feld) in direct vicinity to the Kirchhoff
  Institut. Direct communication among the various groups participating in the
  IRTG will be significantly enhanced  when living essentially under the same
  roof. Ground breaking for the new building is expected for 2010. 
\end{enumerate}

 
The following table gives a summary of the scientific personal that is
available to the Heidelberg groups participating in the IRTG:  \\

\begin{tabular}{llll}
 & Physikalisches Institut& Kirchhoff Institut & \\ 
 C4  & 2 & 2  &  \\
 C3  & 2 & 2  &  \\
 C1  & 2 & 1  &  \\
 TVL & 6 & 6  &  \\
\end{tabular}
   
\subsection{Technical Personal} 
Technical personnel is available to the different groups on a project
basis from centralized and commonly used workshops. The following
table gives the approximate number of people available to the groups
participating in the IRTG: \\ 
\begin{tabular}{llll}
 & Physikalisches Institut & Kirchhoff Institut &  \\ 
 Electronics &  8 & 12 &  \\
 Mechanics   & 20 &  8 &  \\
\end{tabular}

\subsection{ASIC Laboratory at Heidelberg University} 
Microelectronics is one essential building block for the development
and integration of intelligent detectors. The only way to combine low
noise, low power, possibly radiation hard, low cost and intelligent
signal processing and acquisition systems is by virtue of developing
highly advanced integrated microelectronic devices. Therefore,
foreseeing this trend, the ASIC Laboratory Heidelberg was founded in
1994 as a joint facility of the Institute for High Energy Physics and
the Physics Institute of Heidelberg University together with the
MaxPlanck-Institute for Nuclear Physics. Later the Institute for
Applied Physics of Heidelberg University joined the lab and
subsequently merged with the Institute for High Energy Physics into
the present Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics (KIP), which hosts the
ASIC lab on its site \footnote{For details refer to http://wwwasic.kip.uni-heidelberg.de}. 

The positive evolution of the Lab is also well represented by the personnel employed: Starting
with 6 people in 1994, the head-count has grown to more than 30
scientists 2008. 

\section{Available infrastructure at Norwegian institutes} 
\subsection{Scientific personal} 
The following table gives a summary of the scientific personal that is
available to the groups participating in the IRTG: \\ 
\begin{tabular}{llll} 
                  & UiB & UiO & HiB \\ 
Professor         &  3  &  4  &  1  \\ 
Assoc. Professor  &  4  &  -  &  -  \\ 
\end{tabular}

\subsection{Technical Personal} 
Technical personnel are available to the different groups on a project
basis from centralized and commonly used workshops. The following
table gives the approximate number of people available to the groups
participating in the IRTG: \\
\begin{tabular}{llll} 
              & UiB & UiO & HiB \\ 
  Electronics &  4  &  2  &  -  \\ 
  Mechanics   &  2  &  2  &  -  \\ 
\end{tabular}


\subsection{Office and laboratory space} 
The participating groups are equipped with sufficient office and
laboratory space to host the graduate students and their
activities. The offices are equipped with workstations with
appropriate compute power and network links. 

\subsection{Laboratories at UiB} 
\paragraph{The cleanroom} Class 10000 cleanroom equipped with a
semi-automatic probe station for inspecting and probing microstrip
detectors. This includes GPIB operated stepper motors, powersupplies,
current and capacitance meters, switching unit. Furthermore, a VME
based data-aquisition system for powering and reading out signals from
the front-end electronics of silicon detector modules. 
\paragraph{The detector laboratories} 
%Subatomic Physics Group:\\
Laboratory for detector development: HV-power supplies, CAMAC-, VME-
and PCI-based data acquisition systems, measurement equipment,
electronics design tools, electronics prototype production facility. 

\paragraph{The microelectronics laboratory} 
The microelectronics lab
was established in 1988 in as a result of the increasing demand for
advanced electronics in space physics instrumentation. Its main
purpose is to serve as an environment for education and research in
microelectronics related to experimental physics. The activity is
focused on embedded sensor electronics, ranging from analogue
amplifier and shaper design to digital control and support
circuits. Both full custom ASIC design and high level language design
of FPGAs is supported. The microelectronics laboratory is a member of
Europractice, which makes available a wide range of leading edge IC,
FPGA, Electronics Systems, and Microsystems design tools, plus
Intellectual Property Blocks (IP). It is equipped with HP and Sun
workstations and PCs running Windows and Linux. A number of
instruments are available in the lab, and at the Department of
Physics, including a Vanguard Networked PCI-X/PCI Bus Analyzer and
Exerciser and mixed signal oscilloscopes. 

\subsection{Laboratories at UiO} 
\paragraph{The Oslo Cyclotron Laboratory (OCL)} The Oslo Cyclotron
Laboratory (OCL) was established in 1978, and is based on a
Scanditronix MC35 cyclotron. This multi-purpose machine can produce
beams of protons, deuterons, 3He and alpha, with energies ranging from
5 to 45 MeV, and intensities from around 10 pA to 100 $\mu$A.The
accelerator is thus far more versatile than many specialized ones
found elsewhere. 

Current projects at the OCL include, but are not limited to: 
\begin{itemize} 
\item Study of the structure of thermally excited nuclei at low spin. 
\item Production of radionuclides (18F, 211At) for medical
  purposes. 
\item Radiation hardness tests of electronic components being
  evaluated for possible use with the ALICE detector.
\end{itemize} 

Apart from the cyclotron itself, power-supplies and beam-lines, the
laboratory infrastructure comprises specialized detectors, advanced
data-acquisition electronics and computer equipment. VME based
front-end processors plus Sun workstations and PC's running Linux are
used. Many of the technical solutions, mechanics, electronics and
software, have been developed locally. 

\paragraph{Research group laboratories} 
The research groups for
electronics, particle physics and nuclear physics
operate laboratories for the design and construction of experimental
specific detector and data processing electronics. A wide range of CAD
tools for electronic design is available. The groups can also acquire
development tools distributed through the membership of the University
of Oslo in the Europractice organization. The laboratories feature a
wide range of test and measurement equipment, software packages, and
Real-Time development systems. 

A common electronics laboratory offers central facilities for surface
mounted circuit technology etc. For ASIC development there is
collaboration with SINTEF and the Institute of Informatics. 

\paragraph{The cleanroom} 
A cleanroom for silicon module assembly is
equipped with high precision assembly tables, including test
facilities for silicon modules. 

\paragraph{Norwegian Microtechnology Centre} The new Norwegian
Microtechnology Centre (NMC) is part of a national programme on
micro-technology. NMC is a joint laboratory operated by the research
organization SINTEF, the University of Oslo, and industry. The
construction has been partly financed by the Norwegian Research
Council. The Centre is located on the Oslo University campus. 

NMCs core competence is the development of micro-components and
complete instrumentation systems based on microcomponents. The
laboratory is equipped with a processing line for 3'' wafers. The
research will include ASICs, micro-system manufacturing, MEMS,
packaging technology, photonics and radiation detector
systems. Scientists from SINTEF will collaborate with professors and
students of the University of Oslo in order to design and prototype
new micro-systems. 

% -----------------------------------------------------------------
%\chapter{Mittel / Kostenarten} 
\chapter{Funding} 
\section{Funding (German side)} 
\subsection{Scholarships for PhD students} 
We ask for the support of 12 students for the German groups
participating in the IRTG. In order to be able to attract the most
active and capable students we have to offer an increased salary for
the interdisciplinary work profile. It should be noted that PhD
student in informatics and electrical engineering typically enjoy full
TVL-13 positions. In order to be at least partially competitive
we request for each student the increased stipends. 

Subtotal for 4.5 years: \\

\begin{tabular}{lrr}

  \text{Base amount }        & 4,5 x 12 x 12 x 1.365 \Euro & = 888.452  \Euro \\
  \text{Additional support } & 4,5 x 12 x 12 x  103 \Euro & = 66.744 \Euro \\
  \text{Family support }     & 4,5 x 12 x  2 x 205  \Euro  & = 22.140 \Euro\\
  \multicolumn{3}{l}{\text{(for an average of 20\% of all students) } } \\
  \text{Sum} & & 977.336 \Euro \\

\end{tabular}

\subsection{Postdoc position}  
The postdoc position is necessary to maintain the coherence of the 
program and to organize the communication and exchanges, and setting up 
the schools for making use of the most advanced design and
analysis tools available today.
The scientific work also represents a focussing element were 
all students can participate.  
 The duties connected to the postdoc positions are detailed in section \ref{sec:postdoc}. 

Postdocs in all the participating groups are payed according to TVL-13
In order not to discriminate among people on the same level of
experience and education, and to be able to motivate people to join
into the educational activities of the IRTG, we ask for a
positions according to the TVL tariff. 

Subtotal for 4.5 years: \\

Estimate 4,5 x 50.000 \Euro = 225.000 \Euro 
 
\subsection{Joint activities} 
Two joint lecture weeks/schools will be organized each year, one being
internal to the IRTG participants the other one being a school that is
open to the public. The location will alter in between Germany and
Norway. 

We base our funding estimate on the assumption that all the
participants of the IRTG will participate in the internal
lecture week or workshop. 

4.5 x (6 students + 1 Postdoc + 3 faculty) x (350 \Euro + 5x100 \Euro) =
38.250 \Euro

A flight from Frankfurt to Bergen costs 350 \Euro,
 the estimate for housing and food is
100 /Euro/day (120 for Norway) 


\subsection { Travel of students and postdoc} 

We anticipate that many of the students will be have to be  present during 
data taking at CERN and have to participate in collaboration meetings.  
To motivate a number we calculate the cost for each student to spend 2 weeks
at CERN per year. \\

4.5 x 13 x 2 x 1000 \Euro =  120.000 \Euro. 

\subsection {Participation in international conferences }     

Each student and the postdoct is given the chance to present her/his results on an
international conference twice. 

2 x 13 x 1.500 \Euro =  39.000 \Euro. 

\subsection{Mobility costs} 
The cost for long term exchanges of students is divided among the
participating institution in the following way: The travel expenses
are supplied by the home institute of the student while the local
expenses are covered by the host institutes. 
 
\begin{enumerate}
\item Travel money for German students to Norway 

Estimated from the past some  ($\approx$ 4)
participating students will visit the partner university once per year. 

We therefore ask for 

4.5 x 4 x 350 \Euro:  6000 \Euro 

\item We anticipate on average about 2  visits of Norwegian students for
  project work in Heidelberg.  The cost is estimated to 400 \Euro/month/person. 

Therefore we ask: 

4.5 x 2 x 400 \Euro:  4.000 \Euro.
\end{enumerate} 

\subsection{Support for visiting scientists}

External lecturers and speakers are invitetd to workshops and seminars. 
The cost for the invitation of an external lecturer is estimated to
2000 \Euro per 4day course, 1000 \Euro for short term visit.   

We therefore ask for a total of 30.000 \Euro.

\subsection{Coordination cost}

Based on the experience up to now we ask for 5.000 \Euro.

\subsection{Total Sum} 

The total requests amounts to  XXX \Euro. 

\section{Funding (Norwegian side)}

The available funding on the Norwegian side is detailed below:

Total costs:
\begin{tabular}{lr}
Stipends: & 17948 kNOK\\
Running costs: & (757 kNOK per year) 3408 kNOK\
\end{tabular}

Cost sharing:

\begin{tabular}{lcr}
UiB: 3 stipends &+ & 1500 kNOK\\
HiB: 1 stipend  &+ & 308  kNOK\\
UiO: 3 stipends & +& 1600 kNOK\\
\end {tabular}

\subsection{Scholarships for PhD students}
We ask for the support of 7 students for the Norwegian groups participating in the IRTG;
3 stipends from UiB, 3 from UiO and 1 from HiB:

UiB: 3 * 4 years = 3 * 4 * 641 kNOK = 3 * 2564 kNOK = 7692 kNOK \\
UiO: 3 * 4 years = 3 * 4 * 641 kNOK = 3 * 2564 kNOK = 7692 kNOK \\
HiB: 1 * 4 years = 1 * 4 * 641 kNOK = 1 * 2564 kNOK = 2564 kNOK \\
Sum: 17948 kNOK

\subsection{Postdoc positions}

None.

\subsection{Joint activities}
Two joint lecture weeks/schools will be organized each year, 
one event internal to the IRTG participants, the other one will be open to the
public. 
The location will alternate between Germany and Norway.
We base our funding estimate on the assumption that most of the participants
of the 
IRTG will participate in the mandatory internal 5 day lecture week or workshop:
4.5 x (7 students + 11 faculty) x (3000 NOK + 5x(1250+730) NOK) = 1045 kNOK

The cost for the invitation of an external lecture is estimated to 15000 NOK
 per 4 day course.
We therefore ask for
4.5 x 1 x 15000 NOK = 67 kNOK

\subsection{Mobility costs}

The cost for long term exchanges of students is divided among the
participating 
institution in the following way:
 The travel expenses are supplied by the home institute of the student while
 the local expenses are covered by the host institute.

i) Travel money for Norwegian students to Germany
Typically half of the participating students will visit the partner university once per year.
We therefore ask for \\
 \hfill 4.5 x 2 x 3000 NOK = 27 kNOK

ii) We expect visits of German students to the advanced courses and project
work in Bergen/Oslo. 
The cost is estimated to 10000 NOK/month/person. 
On average about 4 German students will spent about 1 months in Norway:\\
\hfill 4.5 x 4 x 10000 NOK = 180 kNOK

iii) We anticipate that many of the students have to be present at CERN during
data taking. 
We assume that each student spends three weeks per year at CERN: \\
\hfill 4.5 x 7 x (4000 + 21x(1400 + 650)) = 1482 kNOK

\subsection{ Support for visiting scientists}
External experts will be invited to the bi-weekly local seminars 
according to the needs of the project and the students. 
This will happen about 2 times/year. The total cost amounts to \\
\hfill 4.5 x 2 x 10000 NOK = 90 kNOK.

\subsection{ Participation at international conferences}
The students have to be given the chance to present their 
achievements and themselves at international conferences. 
We ask for the support of the visit of one major conference per year. 
The necessary total amount is \\
\hfill 4.5 x 7 x 15000 NOK = 472 kNOK.

\subsection{Soft skill seminars}
None (taken care of by the German partners).

\subsection{Coordination cost}
Specific costs will occur for the organisation of the public schools 
for advertising and secretarial help for the organisation. 
The necessary amount is estimated to \\
\hfill 4.5 x 10000 NOK = 45 kNOK

%\section{Forschungssemester} 

% ------------------------------------------------------------------
%\chapter{Erkl\"arungen} 
%\section{Beziehung}
%Besteht eine thematische Beziehung zwischen dem Grako und
%einem a, Ort befindlichen Sonderforschungsbereich
%\section{}

% ------------------------------------------------------------------
%\chapter{Verpflichtungen} 
%does not apply

% ------------------------------------------------------------------
%\chapter{Ver\"offentlichung von Antragsteller- und Kollgdaten}
\chapter{Publications}

% ------------------------------------------------------------------
\chapter{Signatures} %Unterschriften} 
{\bf Approval by the rectorate of Heidelberg University}

The rectorate strongly supports the grant application to the Deutsche 
Forschungsgemeinschaft to maintain the International Graduate School on 
'Intelligent Detectors' based on an intense collaboration with the 
University of Bergen and the University of Oslo.

In the case of a positive decision by the DFG, the University will provide 
the necessary infrastructure and the work space for the Ph.D. students from 
the partner universities during their mobility period. 

\bigskip
{\bf
Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg
}

\vfill
{\bf
For the applicants \\
German principal Investigator  \hfill Norwegian principal investigator
}\\

\vspace{3.0cm}

(Prof. Dr. Norbert Herrmann) \hfill (Prof. Dr. Dieter Roehrich)\\



% =====================================================================
%\appendix{C}
%\label{AppendixC} 

% ------------------------------------------------------------------

%\thebibliography{99}%
%
%\bibitem{Reischl:2007a}
%  A.~Ll {\it et al.}  [World Collaboration],
%  ``First measurement of the wupticity factor of everything''
%  Bla.\ Rev.\ Lett.\  {\bf 07}, 07666 (2007)
%  [arXiv:hep-fun/0707666]%
%
% ------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{document}
